To be 'black'?
To be 'Asian'?
Racial identity and stereotyping is one of the most interesting and controversial aspects of studying and traveling abroad, an unavoidable issue in societies where one's physical appearance makes it impossible to be confused for a native. While in Chile, I received a fair share of 'white-guy' stereotyping, from the cute (flight attendants greeting me in Spanish rather than English) to the deadly-serious (white Americans are enslavers and destroyers of native culture). On the flip side, I'm sure I've born a fair share of racial prejudices, if not consciously, then unintentionally and subconsciously (try an Implicit Association Test on race if you think you're immune).
Still, I must admit that I am somewhat confused about the question of racial and cultural identity, especially as it relates to personal and public policy. My friend Kenny Hiser (who has been interning in the Phillipines) just posted some thought-provoking questions based on his recent experiences:
Some of you may have heard me tell a story about one time, two years ago while I was helping run a vacation Bible school on the sidewalks of North Philly. At one point towards the end of the week a little black girl, no more than 8 years old said something to me to the effect of, “man, all white people are stupid.” I was a little shocked at her boldness, so I asked “what about me? am I stupid?” “No.” “But I am white.” “No, you’re not, you black,” she replied. Laughing I pointed to my skin “Look at me! I’m white.” “No,” she said emphatically, “you hang out with black people. You black.”
This episode was echoed two Sundays ago during church. Ate Jeomi (really wish I knew how to spell her name), the Korean FH staff, was sitting on one side of Ate Chill, my boss, and I on the other so that Chill could translate for us. They were chatting a little during breaks in the service, and at one point, Ate Jeomi leaned over to me. “You’re not like other white people. It’s more like you’re Asian.” The words of this 40-something, Korean woman echoed in memory back to the streets of Philly.
...Ate Jeomi's comment still gives me pause. What does it mean that I'm white? What does it mean that you are what color and culture you are? What does it mean that everyone in this internet cafe other than me is Filipino? What does it mean that a little black girl was quite confident that I was black or that a Korean woman thinks that I don't act like other Americans?...
I don't really have any hard and fast answers to his questions. But I think a prerequisite to understanding this issue is distinguishing between concepts of race and culture. Although the concept of 'races' is by definition an artificial construct, you could approximate that idea by talking about 'race' as your specific genetic inheritance, that biological component of your ancestry. In contrast, your culture is the way people live around you, including, first and foremost, your parents and family. Culture is the way you show the influence of society and closest companions, race is the outward manifestation of your chromosomes.
In essence, race and culture are not the same, although they are often used in the same breath. And therein lies the problem.
In my opinion, we are personally and collectively called to be
culturally concious but
racially-blind. The first aspect of this issue is more controversial than it appears, simply because seeming 'cultural consciousness' often leads to stereotyping. This may sound counter-intuitive.
Cultural consciousness leads to stereotyping? Nevertheless, this can be the case in many situations when we don't understand the entirety of the cultural situation. Take, for example, my host mother in Chile. Having had experience with 9 other gringos before me, she was about as well-educated about she could be about American lifestyle. Nevertheless, she was still surprised when I asked her to make me less for breakfast. In her mind, the normal 'American' breakfast was the continental breakfast they served in hotels or showed on the back of cereal boxes - that massive orange-juice-cereal-fruit-with-two-slices-of-toast concoction and that was what she had proceeded to serve to all the other gringos before me. And I guess none of them had commented on it before, before she was truly shocked to find out that in America, many of us (especially students) only eat a little bit on the run, or nothing at all. So here she was, this culturally-concious woman, applying an erroneous stereotype because all of the gringos before her had been polite enough to not say anything (having talked to the gringo before me, he seconded my opinion on the massiveness of the meals). This lesson mandates a lot of humility on the part of the cultural learner: just because you have a lot of international friends doesn't mean you aren't creating cultural stereotypes.
So, if cultural consciousness can lead to stereotypes even with the best of intentions, then why bother at all? Simply put, it's impossible to understand our world without making some type of simplification (read stereotype). Without simplifying the system, there's simply too much data to comprehend, so we turn to stereotypes. These are especially necessary during the study abroad experience when important decisions are based on brief first impressions (looking for a hostel late at night in a virtually unknown city of Buenos Aires, knowing who is a trustworthy street vendor, etc.).
What about racial blindness? If culture awareness is mandated, then why not racial awareness? Simply put, the distinctions between 'races' are arbitrarily defined and thus invalid for comparison. Genetically, we are exceptionally similar;
a single SNP is all that it takes to change skin color between an 'African American' and 'Northern European'. So, if we are so identical in genome, then why continue to propagate the myth of racial differences? To be sure, there have and continue to be gross injustices based on perceived racial varations. These should be corrected, but with a bit of caution, especially when dealing with history (in many ways, elaborate attempts to correct past injustices only engender more perceived divisions between people and future injustices). However, on a personal level, there is no reason for continuing to think about things racially (that means no negative or *positive* discrimination, for me or others). People are people, without exception or qualification.
So what does it mean to be white? To be black? To be Asian? Maybe nothing. It does mean something however, to be 'kind' or 'from the United States' or 'compassionate' or 'from Chile.' Cultural awareness makes sense. Racial discrimination does not.